100G DSFP Modulation Explained: NRZ to PAM4 Evolution
Explore how PAM4 modulation enables 100G DSFP optics, why NRZ reached its limits, and how modern DSP-driven designs deliver high-density, scalable optical interconnects.
What Is an Aggregation Switch and How to Choose?
Discover the role of aggregation switches. Explore differences between aggregation, access, and core switches, and choose the right model for your network.
The 2026 Network Architect''s Guide to Adapter Converter Modules
A QSA lets a modern 40G aggregation switch connect to these legacy storage arrays without requiring a dedicated legacy 10G switch. Management networks: Out-of-band management
AN 835: PAM4 Signaling Fundamentals
This application note explains PAM4 theory and its operation. It describes NRZ and PAM4 fundamentals, standards using PAM4 coding schemes, and CEI-56G Interconnect reaches and
100G QSFP28 Transceivers: Types, Specs and How to Choose
A complete guide to 100G QSFP28 transceivers covering types, specs, reach, compatibility, and how to choose the right module for data center and telecom networks.
What is an Aggregate Switch?
What is the difference between an aggregate switch and a core switch? An aggregate switch consolidates traffic from access switches, while a core switch forms the backbone of the
Aggregation Switch
An Aggregation or "Top-of-Rack" switch is designed to connect everything in a rack at high speeds, then have an even bigger pipe out to the rest of the network.
What is Switch Aggregation, Its Role and Selection Advice
This article wraps up "what is switch aggregation" and suggestions for choosing an aggregation switch. By considering these factors, network administrators can make informed
PAM4 vs NRZ: Picking the Right PAM4 modulation Optical Transceiver
Learn how a PAM4 modulation optical transceiver compares to NRZ, plus real rack-level selection steps, pitfalls, and troubleshooting for data centers.
Key Technologies
This document examines key technologies used in constructing LinkX cables and transceivers for 100G-PAM4, 50G-PAM4, and 25G-NRZ -modulation based interconnects used to
Optical Power Meters & Sources
High-precision power meters (Ge/InGaAs) and stabilized light sources for insertion loss and return loss testing.
OTDR & Fiber Characterization
Full-featured OTDR, fiber OTDR testers, and modular OTDR test modules for network deployment and troubleshooting.
OSA & Eye Diagram Analyzer
High-resolution OSA for DWDM and eye diagram testers for signal integrity validation.
BERT & Endface Inspection
BERT up to 800G, fiber endface inspection probes, and extinction ratio meters for comprehensive testing.